Mast cell activation and nutritional disorders in patients with hypermobility.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Individuals with joint hypermobility disorders are increasingly referred to gastroenterology services for support with the investigation and management of gastrointestinal complaints. Individuals can present with a myriad of complex coexisting diagnoses, the inter-relationship of which is unclear. This review discusses the proposed association between hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (hEDS) and hypermobility spectrum disorder (HSD) with disorders of mast cell activation and provides an overview of gastrointestinal symptoms and nutritional outcomes in this patient cohort. RECENT FINDINGS: It is unclear whether a true association between hEDS/HSD and mast cell activation disorders exists. There is a high prevalence of nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms in individuals with hEDS/HSD and patients may be at risk of macro-nutrient and micro-nutrient deficiencies, although the current evidence base is limited. SUMMARY: We advocate a pragmatic approach to the investigation and management of gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with hEDS/HSD. This centres on excluding organic pathology, discussing the overlap with disorders of gut-brain interactions, trialling evidence-based therapies targeting individual symptoms, and supporting nutritional deficiencies where present via the least invasive approach. Engagement with a broad multidisciplinary team is also important to support the holistic needs of this patient cohort.

The Mediating Effects of Nutritional Status on the Relationship between Number of Residual Teeth and Cognitive Function among Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Multicenter Study.

The underlying mechanisms of the relationship between the number of teeth and cognition is still unclear. We aimed to construct a mediation model between the number of residual teeth and cognitive function, using nutritional status as a mediating factor. This study was completed using the West China Health and Aging Trend cohort. A total of 6634 multi-ethnic older adults, aged 50 years or older, were included. This study measured cognitive function using the Short-Portable Mental Status Questionnaire, and nutritional status was assessed using the Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form. The mediation analysis examined the potential mediating role of nutritional status. The pathway analysis was supplemented and validated using the structural equation modelling framework. Multiple linear regression demonstrated that a higher number of residual teeth was correlated with enhanced cognitive function (ß = -0.15; 95% CI: -0.19 to -0.111). The mediation model, from the number of residual teeth to cognitive impairment, was partially mediated by nutritional status (ß = -0.0608; 95% CI: -0.0762 to -0.0461). The proportion of the mediating effect, expressed as a percentage, was 40.66%. Furthermore, the estimated coefficients for the number of residual teeth and nutritional status varied across ethnic groups. This study indicated that enhancing the nutrition of older adults could reduce the adverse effects of the number of residual teeth on cognitive function among older adults.

Neurologic Manifestations of Gastrointestinal and Nutritional Disorders.

OBJECTIVE: A tie between nutritional or gastrointestinal and neurologic disease has been recognized for centuries. Many gastrointestinal disorders are associated with neurologic disease through nutritional, immune-mediated, or degenerative pathophysiologies. This article reviews neurologic disorders in patients with gastrointestinal disease and gastrointestinal manifestations in their own neurologic patients. LATEST DEVELOPMENTS: Development of new gastric and bariatric surgical procedures and the widespread use of over-the-counter gastric acid-reducing medications continue to create vitamin and nutritional deficiencies despite modern diet and supplementation. Some supplements, such as vitamin A, vitamin B6, and selenium, themselves are now found to cause disease. Recent work has shown extraintestinal and neurologic manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Chronic brain damage in liver disease has been recognized, and the opportunity to intervene may exist in the covert beginning stages. The characterization of gluten-related neurologic symptoms and differentiation from those of celiac disease is an evolving body of work. ESSENTIAL POINTS: Gastrointestinal and neurologic diseases related to common immune-mediated, degenerative, or infectious mechanisms are common and can coexist in the same patient. Furthermore, gastrointestinal disease may cause neurologic complications because of nutritional inadequacies, malabsorption, and hepatic dysfunction. In many cases, the complications are treatable but have subtle or protean presentations. Therefore, the consulting neurologist must be current in knowledge of the growing ties between gastrointestinal and neurologic disease.

Epidemiological data on nutritional disorders and outcomes in hospitalized Thai children: an analysis of data from the National Health Database 2015-2019.

OBJECTIVES: Malnutrition in hospitalized patients is a frequently overlooked health issue. We aimed to assess the prevalence and pattern of nutritional disorders in hospitalized Thai children from the National Health Database. METHODS: Hospitalized children aged 1 month to 18 years diagnosed with nutritional disorders between 2015 and 2019 were retrospectively reviewed using the National Health Security Office data. Based on the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, Clinical Modification, nutritional disorders were classified into 3 major forms of malnutrition: undernutrition (E40-E46), overweight and obesity (E66), and micronutrient deficiencies (D50-D53, E50-E56, E58, E60-E61, and E63). RESULTS: Out of 5,188,033 hospitalized children, malnutrition was identified in 115,254 (2.2%). Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), overweight and obesity, and micronutrient deficiencies were prevalent in 0.21%, 0.27%, and 1.81%, respectively. Among those with micronutrient deficiencies, 95.0% had iron deficiency anemia, 2.2% had vitamin D deficiency, and 0.7% had zinc deficiency. Children aged under 5 years mostly had PEM, followed by iron deficiency anemia. Teenagers commonly had obesity and vitamin D deficiency. Patients with PEM who were admitted with common diseases had significantly longer hospital stays and higher hospital costs and mortality rates than those without PEM. CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalized children had various nutritional disorders, particularly PEM, which was associated with higher morbidity and mortality. Nutritional screening tools should be utilized for the early detection and treatment of malnutrition. Specific International Classification of Diseases codes for nutritional care services and intervention should be available. Additionally, nutritional interventions should be reimbursed, along with nutritional education and empowerment of healthcare providers, to improve hospital care service and improve patient outcomes.

[Digestive and nutritional problems of children with cerebral palsy]. / Problématiques digestives et nutritionnelles de l'enfant en situation de handicap.

Digestive and nutritional problems of children with cerebral palsy put them at risk of malnutrition. Identification of these problems through measurements of weight, height, and body composition is essential. Feeding difficulties may be caused by a combination of oral and digestive problems, such as swallowing difficulties, gastroesophageal reflux, and constipation. If oral feeding is difficult or unsafe, a nasogastric tube or gastrostomy may be necessary. Once the feeding regimen has been established, energy needs must be assessed on an individual basis. This nutritional management involves a multidisciplinary team of health care professionals, the child, and the family.

Les problématiques digestives et nutritionnelles des enfants avec infirmité motrice cérébrale les mettent à risque de malnutrition. L'identification de ces troubles par les mesures de poids, taille, et composition corporelle, est primordiale. Les difficultés alimentaires peuvent être causées par une combinaison de problèmes bucco-dentaires et digestifs, tels que les difficultés de déglutition et le reflux gastro-œsophagien ou la constipation. Si l'alimentation per os est difficile ou dangereuse, il peut être nécessaire de mettre en place une sonde nasogastrique ou une gastrostomie. Une fois le mode d'alimentation établi, les besoins énergétiques doivent être évalués individuellement. Cette prise en charge nutritionnelle implique une équipe multidisciplinaire composée de professionnels de la santé, de l'enfant et de sa famille.

Complicaciones nutricionales de la cirugía bariátrica / 9 NUTRITIONAL COMPLICATIONS OF BARIATRIC SURGERY

La cirugía bariátrica es reconocida como una terapia altamente efectiva para la obesidad, ya que logra una pérdida de peso sostenida, una reducción de las comorbilidades y la mortalidad relacionadas con la obesidad; además mejora de la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Sin embargo, las deficiencias nutricionales son un problema inherente en el período postoperatorio y, a menudo, requieren una suplementación de por vida. Los tipos de desnutrición después de la cirugía incluyen desnutrición proteico-energética y deficiencias de micronutrientes, como hierro, ácido fólico, vitamina A y vitamina B12. Lamentablemente, no existen regímenes estandarizados de cuidados posteriores, y los costos de los suplementos nutricionales los pagan los propios pacientes. Esta revisión se enfoca en el estudio de la desnutrición poscirugía bariátrica, recorriendo las principales deficiencias y sus causas

Bariatric surgery is recognized as a highly effective therapy for obesity, as it achieves sustained weight loss, a reduction in comorbidities and obesity-related mortality; It also improves the quality of life of patients. However, nutritional deficiencies are an inherent problem in the postoperative period and often require lifelong supplementation. Types of malnutrition after surgery include protein-energy malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies, such as iron, folic acid, vitamin A, and vitamin B12. Currently, there are no standardized aftercare systems, and the costs of nutritional supplements are paid by the patients themselves. This review focuses on the study of malnutrition after bariatric surgery, covering the main deficiencies and their causes.

[A cachectic man with a severe vitamin deficiency]. / Een cachectische man met een ernstig vitaminetekort.

A 57-year-old man, known with severe malnutrition, vitamin E deficiency and peripheral neuropathies, presented with vomiting and abdominal tenderness. There was a suspicion of ileus and small bowel obstruction. During the exploratory laparotomy a complete brown colored bowel without peristalsis was seen.

Sleep disorders related to nutrition and digestive diseases: a neglected clinical condition.

Sleep disturbances often result from inappropriate lifestyles, incorrect dietary habits, and/or digestive diseases. This clinical condition, however, has not been sufficiently explored in this area. Several studies have linked the circadian timing system to the physiology of metabolism control mechanisms, energy balance regulation, and nutrition. Sleep disturbances supposedly trigger digestive disorders or conversely represent specific clinical manifestation of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. Poor sleep may worsen the symptoms of GI disorders, affecting the quality of life. Conversely, short sleep may influence dietary choices, as well as meal timing, and the circadian system drives temporal changes in metabolic patterns. Emerging evidence suggests that patients with inappropriate dietary habits and chronic digestive disorders often sleep less and show lower sleep efficiency, compared with healthy individuals. Sleep disturbances may thus represent a primary symptom of digestive diseases. Further controlled trials are needed to fully understand the relationship between sleep disturbances, dietary habits, and GI disorders. It may be also anticipated that the evaluation of sleep quality may prove useful to drive positive interventions and improve the quality of life in a proportion of patients. This review summarizes data linking sleep disorders with diet and a series of disease including gastro-esophageal reflux disease, peptic disease, functional gastrointestinal disorders, inflammatory bowel diseases, gut microbiota alterations, liver and pancreatic diseases, and obesity. The evidence supporting the complex interplay between sleep dysfunction, nutrition, and digestive diseases is discussed.

Intervención nutricional en adultos mayores con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 para lograr el control glucémico / Nutritional intervention in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus to achieve glycemic control

Introducción: La diabetes mellitus es una enfermedad crónica que genera un gran número de complicaciones sistémicas, principalmente en la población geriátrica. El control metabólico resulta vital para controlar la enfermedad. Mantener un adecuado balance nutricional es fundamental. Objetivo: Identificar el efecto de una intervención de educación nutricional sobre el control glucémico en adultos mayores con diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Métodos: Investigación aplicada con un diseño cuasiexperimental y enfoque mixto, que incluyó a 73 adultos mayores con diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Se identificó el estado nutricional de los adultos mayores y se aplicó una intervención educativa. Se determinó el nivel glucémico previo a la intervención y posterior a su aplicación. Se aplicó la prueba de McNemar para identificar la significación de los cambios en el control glucémico de los pacientes. Resultados: Promedio de edad de 67,38 años; predominaron los pacientes entre 60 y 69 años (47,94 por ciento), del sexo femenino (73,97 por ciento) y con presencia de comorbilidades (83,56 por ciento). El 36,99 por ciento de los pacientes se encontraba con control glucémico inadecuado al inicio de la investigación. El 49,32 por ciento de los casos presentaba trastornos nutricionales por exceso y el 67,75 por ciento de ellos presentaba un nivel de conocimiento bajo. Conclusiones: La intervención nutricional aplicada favoreció el control glucémico en los adultos mayores con diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 incluidos en la investigación. Mejoró el por ciento de pacientes con alteraciones nutricionales por exceso y aumentó el nivel de conocimiento de los pacientes investigados(AU)

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that generates a large number of systemic complications, mainly in the geriatric population. Metabolic control is vital to control the disease. Maintaining an adequate nutritional balance is essential. Objective: To identify the effect of a nutritional education intervention on glycemic control in older adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: Applied research with a quasi-experimental design and mixed approach, which included 73 older adults with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The nutritional status of older adults was identified and an educational intervention was applied. The glycemic level was determined before the intervention and after its application. The McNemar test was applied to identify the significance of the changes in the glycemic control of the patients. Results: Average age was 67.38 years; patients were between 60 and 69 years (47.94 percent), female (73.97 percent) and with the presence of comorbidities (83.56 percent) predominated. 36.99 percent of the patients had inadequate glycemic control at the beginning of the investigation. 49.32 percent had excess nutritional disorders and 67.75 percent of them had a low level of knowledge. Conclusions: The applied nutritional intervention favored glycemic control in older adults with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus included in the research. Likewise, the percentage of patients with nutritional alterations due to excess improved and the level of knowledge of the investigated patients increased(AU)

Prevalence of nutritional disorders in Saudi children with inflammatory bowel disease based on the national growth reference.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIM: The prevalence of nutritional disorders in Saudi children with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) has been reported using the World Health Organization (WHO) reference. Our aim was to provide more accurate definition of the prevalence of nutritional impairment in Saudi children with IBDs based on the national growth reference and to demonstrate the effect of using a reference from other populations on the prevalence rates. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Weight, height, and body mass index data, from the multicenter study of IBDs in Saudi children and adolescents, were plotted on the new Saudi national growth reference. Statistical analyses included frequency calculations and z-test for proportions to investigate the significance of the difference in prevalence. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Among a total of 374 patients, 119 (32%) had ulcerative colitis (UC) and 255 (68%) had Crohn's disease (CD). Compared with the WHO reference, the Saudi national reference produced a significantly lower prevalence of thinness in patients with UC (24% vs. 8%, p = 0.001), CD (35% vs. 20%, p = 0.002), and of short stature in patients with CD (28% vs. 11%, p < 0.001). The difference in the prevalence of overweight was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: We provide more accurate prevalence estimate of nutritional disorders in Saudi children with IBDs based on national reference. The use of the WHO reference overestimated the prevalence of thinness and short stature in Saudi children. Prevalence estimates based on references from other populations should be interpreted with caution.

The Effect of Comorbidities on Wound Healing.

Wound healing is affected by several factors. Preexisting diagnoses may significantly alter, delay, or inhibit normal wound healing. This is most commonly seen with chronic disorders, such as diabetes and renal failure, but also occurs secondary to aging and substance abuse. Less commonly, genetic or inflammatory disorders are the cause of delayed wound healing. In some cases, it is not the illness, but the treatment that can inhibit wound healing. This is seen in patients getting chemotherapy, radiation, steroids, methotrexate, and a host of other medications. Understanding these processes may help treat or avoid wound healing problems.

Strengthening national nutrition research: rationale and options for a new coordinated federal research effort and authority.

BACKGROUND: The US faces remarkable food and nutrition challenges. A new federal effort to strengthen and coordinate nutrition research could rapidly generate the evidence base needed to address these multiple national challenges. However, the relevant characteristics of such an effort have been uncertain. OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to provide an objective, informative summary of 1) the mounting diet-related health burdens facing our nation and corresponding economic, health equity, national security, and sustainability implications; 2) the current federal nutrition research landscape and existing mechanisms for its coordination; 3) the opportunities for and potential impact of new fundamental, clinical, public health, food and agricultural, and translational scientific discoveries; and 4) the various options for further strengthening and coordinating federal nutrition research, including corresponding advantages, disadvantages, and potential executive and legislative considerations. METHODS: We reviewed government and other published documents on federal nutrition research; held various discussions with expert groups, advocacy organizations, and scientific societies; and held in-person or phone meetings with >50 federal staff in executive and legislative roles, as well as with a variety of other stakeholders in academic, industry, and nongovernment organizations. RESULTS: Stark national nutrition challenges were identified. More Americans are sick than are healthy, largely from rising diet-related illnesses. These conditions create tremendous strains on productivity, health care costs, health disparities, government budgets, US economic competitiveness, and military readiness. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has further laid bare these strains, including food insecurity, major diet-related comorbidities for poor outcomes from COVID-19 such as diabetes, hypertension, and obesity, and insufficient surveillance on and coordination of our food system. More than 10 federal departments and agencies currently invest in critical nutrition research, yet with relatively flat investments over several decades. Coordination also remains suboptimal, documented by multiple governmental reports over 50 years. Greater harmonization and expansion of federal investment in nutrition science, not a silo-ing or rearrangement of existing investments, has tremendous potential to generate new discoveries to improve and sustain the health of all Americans. Two identified key strategies to achieve this were as follows: 1) a new authority for robust cross-governmental coordination of nutrition research and other nutrition-related policy and 2) strengthened authority, investment, and coordination for nutrition research within the NIH. These strategies were found to be complementary, together catalyzing important new science, partnerships, coordination, and returns on investment. Additional complementary actions to accelerate federal nutrition research were identified at the USDA. CONCLUSIONS: The need and opportunities for strengthened federal nutrition research are clear, with specific identified options to help create the new leadership, strategic planning, coordination, and investment the nation requires to address the multiple nutrition-related challenges and grasp the opportunities before us.

Does early weaning shape future endocrine and metabolic disorders? Lessons from animal models.

Obesity and its complications occur at alarming rates worldwide. Epidemiological data have associated perinatal conditions, such as malnutrition, with the development of some disorders, such as obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, in childhood and adulthood. Exclusive breastfeeding has been associated with protection against long-term chronic diseases. However, in humans, the interruption of breastfeeding before the recommended period of 6 months is a common practice and can increase the risk of several metabolic disturbances. Nutritional and environmental changes within a critical window of development, such as pregnancy and breastfeeding, can induce permanent changes in metabolism through epigenetic mechanisms, leading to diseases later in life via a phenomenon known as programming or developmental plasticity. However, little is known regarding the underlying mechanisms by which precocious weaning can result in adipose tissue dysfunction and endocrine profile alterations. Here, the authors give a comprehensive report of the different animal models of early weaning and programming that can result in the development of metabolic syndrome. In rats, for example, pharmacological and nonpharmacological early weaning models are associated with the development of overweight and visceral fat accumulation, leptin and insulin resistance, and neuroendocrine and hepatic changes in adult progeny. Sex-related differences seem to influence this phenotype. Therefore, precocious weaning seems to be obesogenic for offspring. A better understanding of this condition seems essential to reducing the risk for diseases. Additionally, this knowledge can generate new insights into therapeutic strategies for obesity management, improving health outcomes.

The rash in life-threatening metabolic and endocrine disorders.

Recognizing the skin manifestations of metabolic and endocrine disorders, many of which may have potentially lethal complications, is important for dermatologists and other clinicians. The skin can be a window into a patient's internal health, and cutaneous manifestations can facilitate early diagnosis and intervention of potentially life-altering systemic disorders with associated morbidity and mortality. This contribution provides an overview of the diverse rashes associated with potentially lethal, acquired metabolic and endocrine disorders of the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenals, and blood, as well as neuroendocrine and nutritional disease.

Associações do Risco nutricional com tempo de internamento e complicações hospitalares: estudo em pacientes de ginecologia do NE do Brasil / Nutritional risk among ginecology patients

OBJETIVO: Identificar o risco nutricional em pacientes admitidas na clínica de ginecologia e associá-lo ao tempo de internamento e às complicações hospitalares. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, com amostra de conveniência, realizado no período de 6 meses, pacientes de ginecologia (mulheres adultas e idosas). A avaliação do risco nutricional foi realizada nas primeiras 48 horas da admissão utilizando-se a Triagem de Risco Nutricional 2002 - Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS 2002) adaptada por Hertlein et al. para pacientes de ginecologia. O tempo de internamento (em dias) correspondeu à diferença entre o dia da admissão e o da alta hospitalar, e as complicações foram transcritas do prontuário diariamente para cada paciente. Para análise estatística foram usados os testes qui-quadrado de Pearson, Teste exato de Fisher, Teste de Mann-Whitney e coeficiente de correlação de Spearman, O valor de p < 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante. RESULTADOS: Foram estudas 111 pacientes≤ 60 anos (73%), com 32,4%em risco nutricional. Deste grupo, 88,2% tinham ingestão alimentar <50% que o habitual, 70,8% apresentou perda de peso significativa nos últimos seis meses, 53,7% tinham neoplasias, 75% tinham o IMC<20,5 e 21,8% foram tratadas cirurgicamente. Foi verificada correlação positiva e significativa entre o risco nutricional e o tempo de internamento (r=0,392; p < 0,001). O risco não esteve associado à faixa etária e presença de complicações hospitalares. CONCLUSÕES: Um número significativo de mulheres estava em risco nutricional, o que sugere a importância deste diagnóstico em pacientes de ginecológicos. Este risco foi associado com maior tempo de hospitalização

OBJECTIVE: Identify nutritional risk among patients admitted to a gynecological clinic and associate this risk with hospitalization stay and clinical complications. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a convenience sample for 6 months, involving 111 gynecological patients (adults and older adults). The assessment of nutritional risk was performed in the first 48 hours after admission using the 2002 Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS 2002) adapted by Hertlein et al. for gynecology patients. Internment time (in days) was calculated as the difference between the day of admission and discharge. Complications were transcribed from daily entries in the patient charts. Statistical analysis involved Pearson's chi-square test, Fisher's exact text, the Mann-Whitney test and the calculation of Spearman's correlation coefficients. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: A total of 32.4% of the patients were classified in a state of nutritional risk, 88.2% of whom had food intake < 50% of habitual intake, 70.8% of whom experienced significant weight loss in the previous six months, 53.7% of whom had a diagnosis of neoplasm, 75% of whom had a body mass index < 20.5 and 21.8% of whom had been submitted to surgery. A significant, positive correlation was found between nutritional risk and hospitalization stay (r=0.392; p < 0.001). Nutritional risk was not associated with age group or the clinical complications. CONCLUSIONS: A significant number of women in the present study were in a state of nutritional risk, which underscores the importance of diagnosing this condition among gynecological patients. Nutritional risk was associated with a longer hospitalization stay